Nervous System

Important Concepts

1. Able to describe the anatomy of neuron and nerve using diagrams.
2. Know the basic anatomical brain structure and spinal cord.
3. Understand the reflex arc from the sensory afferent nerve fibres, through the spinal cord to the efferent nerve fibre.
4. Understand the mechanism of nerve impulse.
5. Understand the major anatomical structures of  brain and meninges.
6. Understand the transmission of an impulse across the synapse.
7. Able to describe the formation and flow of cerebrospinal fluid from its origin.
8. Name and describe the cranial nerves.
9. Understand the autonomic nervous system. 

Reproductive System

Important Concepts

1. Understand basic reproductive structure in male and female in different species.
2. Able to make comparative anatomical reproductive tract in different species.
3. Know the physiological of female reproductive system.
4. Understand the estrous cycle and factors that influence its stages.
5. Understand the production of semen, its composition and organ contribute to its formation.
6. Name and describe the layers of uterus.

Endocrine System

Important Concepts

1.Understand the major endocrine organs and its functions.
2. List of hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and target organs of each.
3. Feedback mechanism that control the release of each hormones.
4. Understand the basic functions of each hormones produced by endocrine glands.

Urinary System

Important concepts

1. Name and describe the vascular supply to the Kidney.

2. Understand the parts of the nephron.

3. Describe the functions of urinary system.

4. Understand the blood pressure regulation by the kidneys.

5. Understand the physiological principles and factors involved in animal's ability to concentrate urine.

6. Understand the comparative anatomy of kidneys in different species.

7. understand the physiology and mechanism of micturation and test needed to diagnose  urinary incontinence.

Respiratory System

Important Concepts

1. Understand the function of each component of respiratory system.

2. Describe the air flow from the nose to alveoli of the lung.

3. Understand the parts of the larynx and its cartilage,

4. Describe comparative anatomy of the lungs of different species.

5. Understand the flow of air between the air sacs and lungs of the bird and their  connection to the pneumatic bones.

6. Understand the various methods of measuring lung volumes and capacities.

7. Understand the concept of dead space.

 

Cardiovascular System

Important concepts

1. Name and describe the layers of the heart and layers of an artery.
2. understand how heart is positioned in chest and how that relates to sites used to auscultate and heart sound.
3.  Understand and describe the flow of blood through the heart.
4. Explain the operation of atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves and their relationship to the heart sound.
5. Understand the pulmonary, systemic and portal systems of blood flow.
6. Understand the pathway of electrical conductivity through heart, and how it produces the electrocardiogram.
7. Understand the arterial blood pressure and how to measure it.

Clinical significance

1. Recording the Electrocardiogram

2. Measurement of Blood Pressure

3. Auscultation of heart Valve 

 

 

 

 

 

Gross Anatomy Heart and Lung of  Equine

Digestive System

The digestive system is made up of alimentary tract and accessory digestive organs. The purpose is to ingest, digest and to absorb food and to eliminate the undigested remains as feces. Besides that, it also provide the body with nutrient, water and electrolytes that are essential for health and growth.

Functional anatomy of GIT

I. Oral cavity (Mouth)
Teeth- cutting, reduce size of ingested food particles by grinding
Tongue- muscular organ, extremely mobile, taste buds- numerous papillae
Pharynx-common passage to air and food, proper directing of air to air passage and foo and liquid to esophagus
II. Stomach
Esophagus-Muscular tube
                    – from pharynx to stomach through thoracic cavity, diaphragm
                    -Constriction waves of muscular contractions (peristaltic movement)

Simple & compound stomach
III. Intestines
Small- Duodenum, jejenum, ileum
Large-cecum,colon, rectum
IV. Accessory organs 
Salivary glands- I)Parotid  ii)Sublingual  III)Mandibular f(X)-buffering action in ruminants
 -Digestion of carbohydrate by amylase evaporation and cooling in panting animals
Pancreas-both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon,brittanna, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine.
Liver-metabolic roles,detoxification,carbohydrate metabolism and storage of glycogen, produce bile

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

1.Bloating

2. Exocrine  pancreatic insufficiency

3. Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex

other disease that related to Digestive system:  

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